IQ1) What's the Matter with Protons, Neutrons and Electrons - Part 1
All Chemistry involves an understanding of how the atom works and how atoms react with each other.
The information below provides an in-depth revision of year 9
2.1) The Structure of the Atom
Task 1) Review how to draw atoms using the Periodic table
To draw an atom, we need to work out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons using the Periodic Table. Read through the information provided and make suitable notes.
A) Information about Atoms
To draw an atom, we need to work out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons using the Periodic Table. Read through the information provided and make suitable notes.
A) Information about Atoms
- Atoms consist of PROTONS (p), NEUTRONS (n) and ELECTRONS (e).
- Protons and Neutrons are found in the NUCLEUS
- Electrons orbit around the nucleus in shells or orbits or energy levels
- Protons are positively charged, neutrons are neutral and electrons are negatively charged.
B) Information about the Number of Protons and the Number of Electrons:
- The number of protons is determined from the periodic table. It is the smaller of the two numbers given for an element. This number has a special name - The Atomic Number.
- The number of electrons for an atom is the same as the number of protons.
- Example 1: This is the LITHIUM atom. It is the THIRD element on the Periodic Table and this means that it has THREE PROTONS. It's atomic number is also 3. It also has three electrons.
Example 2: This is the CARBON atom. It is the SIXTH element on the Periodic Table and has SIX PROTONS and SIX ELECTRONS.
C) Information about the Number of Neutrons:
- The number of neutrons is found by using both numbers given in the periodic table for that element. The larger number is called the ATOMIC MASS.
- The number of neutrons is found by
D) Information about Electron Shells
The Electrons are nearly 2000 times smaller than protons and neutrons. These electrons fly a long way away from around the nucleus in orbits. Sometimes the orbits are called shells or energy levels. Orbit 1 = 2 electrons Orbit 2 = 8 electrons Orbit 3 = 8 electrons Orbit 4 = 8 electrons |
Extension Activity 1) - Construct a 3D Model of an Atom
1. Research the structure of an atom and draw in your books. All components must be labelled. 2. Write down the meaning of "atomic number", "atomic mass" 3. Draw diagrams of the following three atoms, showing the correct number of protons, electrons, neutrons. The electrons must also be in their correct energy level or orbit. Find out any interesting information on your atom using WebElements website. a) Boron b) Nitrogen c) Neon 4. Create a model of your atom from the equipment provided. You will present your model and help the class to understand the structure of a model. |
2.2) The Historical Development of Atomic Theory
Task 1) Read about two important Science Skills and paste handout in your exercise books
Important Science Skill 1 - Why do we need Scientific Models?
In science, a model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Models are central to what scientists do, both in their research as well as when communicating their explanations. Models are a mentally visual way of linking theory with experiment, and they guide research by being simplified representations of an imagined reality that enable predictions to be developed and tested by experiment.
Models have always been important in science and continue to be used to test hypotheses and predict information. Often they are not accurate because the scientists may not have all the data. It is important that scientists test their models and be willing to improve them as new data comes to light. Think about our Model of the Atom. In 1897, J J Thomson proposed the "Plum Pudding" model of the atom after he discovered the electron. Then from 1912 to 1913, Rutherford and Bohr further developed the model of the atom after proton and neutron were discovered. Now we have the Quantum Model of the Atom which was proposed in the 1930's. In this model, the electrons do not exist as particles of matter but as waves of matter that extend around the atom.
Important Science Skill 1 - Why do we need Scientific Models?
In science, a model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Models are central to what scientists do, both in their research as well as when communicating their explanations. Models are a mentally visual way of linking theory with experiment, and they guide research by being simplified representations of an imagined reality that enable predictions to be developed and tested by experiment.
Models have always been important in science and continue to be used to test hypotheses and predict information. Often they are not accurate because the scientists may not have all the data. It is important that scientists test their models and be willing to improve them as new data comes to light. Think about our Model of the Atom. In 1897, J J Thomson proposed the "Plum Pudding" model of the atom after he discovered the electron. Then from 1912 to 1913, Rutherford and Bohr further developed the model of the atom after proton and neutron were discovered. Now we have the Quantum Model of the Atom which was proposed in the 1930's. In this model, the electrons do not exist as particles of matter but as waves of matter that extend around the atom.
Important Science Skill 2 - What is a "Theory" in Science?
The term theory is defined as “an explanation of a body of experimental evidence that has been accepted through the processes of review by the scientific community”. Hence theories are
a) an explanation of evidence
b) widely accepted by the scientific community
c) can be used to make predictions
d) can change if new evidence is produced
The term theory is defined as “an explanation of a body of experimental evidence that has been accepted through the processes of review by the scientific community”. Hence theories are
a) an explanation of evidence
b) widely accepted by the scientific community
c) can be used to make predictions
d) can change if new evidence is produced
Task 2) Learn about The History of the Atomic Theory
Watch the Crash Course Chemistry video "The History of Atomic Chemistry" and fill in the sheet provided |
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Task 3) Create a Google Slides Presentation of the Development of the Atomic Model
a) First you will conduct research on your group's scientist
Group 1: Democritus - Amelia A, Jennifer and Jessica W
Group 2: Dalton - Rachel, Vanessa and Grace
Group 3: JJ Thompson - Beatrix, Zara, Aanya and Georgie
Group 4: Ernest Rutherford - Mariam, Lucy, Lily and Natalie
Group 5: Bohr - Jessica D, Jazmin H, Yifan and Chloe
Group 6: Schrodinger and Heisenberg - Modern Quantum Theory - Kayla, Annalise, Amelia H and Joya
You must find the following information about your scientist
* Full Name
* Date of Important Discovery or Birth Date
* Information on his contribution to atomic theory
* Other interesting information or diagrams
b) Share information to the class google slides which is found on google classroom and only use 2 -3 slides
EXTENSION ACTIVITY) Construct a SCALED timeline where 1 cm = 100 cm
a) First you will conduct research on your group's scientist
Group 1: Democritus - Amelia A, Jennifer and Jessica W
Group 2: Dalton - Rachel, Vanessa and Grace
Group 3: JJ Thompson - Beatrix, Zara, Aanya and Georgie
Group 4: Ernest Rutherford - Mariam, Lucy, Lily and Natalie
Group 5: Bohr - Jessica D, Jazmin H, Yifan and Chloe
Group 6: Schrodinger and Heisenberg - Modern Quantum Theory - Kayla, Annalise, Amelia H and Joya
You must find the following information about your scientist
* Full Name
* Date of Important Discovery or Birth Date
* Information on his contribution to atomic theory
* Other interesting information or diagrams
b) Share information to the class google slides which is found on google classroom and only use 2 -3 slides
EXTENSION ACTIVITY) Construct a SCALED timeline where 1 cm = 100 cm
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Extension Task 1 on Atomic Model:
1) Read through this interesting website called "The Particle Adventure". It will give you a better picture of the building blocks of matter. Look at the menu on the left side nad read "What is Fundamental?" and "What is the World made of? Then answer the questions below:
a) What are quarks? List the different types.
b) Identify the different quarks that join to form a proton and a neutron.
c) What are the two types of fundamental particles that make up an atom?
d) Why do scientist's state that atoms are mostly space?
e) Complete the Standard Model Quiz.
f) How is anitmatter different to matter?
g) What happens when antimatter and matter collide?
h) Create a Particle flow chart with the following particles - particles, matter, antimatter, electrons, hadrons, baryons, mesons, leptons
i) Complete the quiz "What are particles made of?"
1) Read through this interesting website called "The Particle Adventure". It will give you a better picture of the building blocks of matter. Look at the menu on the left side nad read "What is Fundamental?" and "What is the World made of? Then answer the questions below:
a) What are quarks? List the different types.
b) Identify the different quarks that join to form a proton and a neutron.
c) What are the two types of fundamental particles that make up an atom?
d) Why do scientist's state that atoms are mostly space?
e) Complete the Standard Model Quiz.
f) How is anitmatter different to matter?
g) What happens when antimatter and matter collide?
h) Create a Particle flow chart with the following particles - particles, matter, antimatter, electrons, hadrons, baryons, mesons, leptons
i) Complete the quiz "What are particles made of?"
2.3) Radioactivity, 2.4) Half Life and 2.5) Nuclear Energy
Click on the link "4.3) Radioactivity, 4.4) Half Life and 4.5) Nuclear Energy" page learn about the following
a) Isotopes - different forms of an element b) Radioisotopes - isotopes that are unstable c) The different types of Nuclear Radiation - alpha, beta and gamma d) Half Life e) Benefits and Limitations of Nuclear Energy |